MOLECULAR BASIS OF MUSCLE ADAPTATION TO EXERCISE
BASI MOLECOLARI DELL'ADATTAMENTO MUSCOLARE ALL'ESERCIZIO FISICO
| A.Y. | Credits |
|---|---|
| 2022/2023 | 8 |
| Lecturer | Office hours for students | |
|---|---|---|
| Giosuè Annibalini | from Monday to Friday (by appointment: giosue.annibalini@uniurb.it) |
| Teaching in foreign languages |
|---|
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Course partially taught in a foreign language
English
This course is taught partially in Italian and partially in a foreign language. Study materials can be provided in the foreign language and the final exam can be taken in the foreign language. |
Assigned to the Degree Course
| Date | Time | Classroom / Location |
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| Date | Time | Classroom / Location |
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Learning Objectives
The aim of the course is to provide students with in-depth knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying the adaptations induced by the different types of exercise and training. The main molecular biology techniques used for the study of interactions between genes and the environment on the metabolism of physical exercise and muscle gene and protein expression will be described. Particular attention will be paid to the molecular aspects related to sports performance.
Program
STRUCTURE OF MACROMOLECULES
The structure of nucleic acids
- composition and structure of DNA
- structure and versatility of RNA
The structure of proteins
- the composition of proteins
- from the amino acid sequence to the three-dimensional structure of proteins
- enzymes: catalyst proteins
MAINTENANCE OF THE GENOME
Structure of the genome, chromatin and nucleosomes
- the sequence of the genome and chromosomal diversity
- DNA replication
- mutability and DNA repair
EXPRESSION OF THE GENOME
The mechanisms of transcription
- RNA polymerase and transcription cycle
- RNA splicing
- the regulation of transcription
- the regulatory ANNs
The mechanisms of translation
- messenger RNA
- the genetic code
- the RNA transfer
- the ribosome
- regulation of translation
INTRODUCTION TO THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF EXERCISE
Molecular biology applied to exercise and sport
- brief historical notes
- sport and exercise genetics
- animal models
The methods used in the molecular biology of physical exercise
- DNA isolation and genetic analysis
- the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- muscle biopsy
- isolation and analysis of nucleic acids from muscle biopsy
- isolation and analysis of proteins from muscle biopsy
- muscle cell models
GENETICS AND SPORT
Inheritance of traits related to sports performance
- nature (genetics) versus nurture (environment)
- the variability of traits related to exercise and sport
- how to estimate heritability
- comparison of the individual genome with the reference one
- DNA variants associated with sports performance
- genetic tests
- gene therapy and genetic doping
Genetic traits associated with strength and muscle mass
- variation in strength and muscle mass in the population
- heritability of strength and muscle mass
- transgenic mouse models for the study of genes related to the development of strength and muscle mass
- main genetic polymorphisms associated with the development of strength and muscle mass
Genetic traits associated with endurance
- the ability to endurance: a polygenetic trait
- heritability of Vo2max, improvement of Vo2max and muscle fiber type
- transgenic mouse models for the study of endurance-related genes
- main genetic polymorphisms associated with endurance
Main epigenetic changes related to sports performance
- epigenetic adjustments in acute and chronic endurance sports
- epigenetic adjustments in acute and chronic strength sports
THE INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND MUSCLE ADAPTATIONS TO EXERCISE
The nature of exercise and the different molecular responses
- step 1: molecular signals
- step 2: the sensors
- step 3: the signal transduction
- step 4: the effectors
- the integration between the different signaling pathways and the potential interfering effect
- the mimetics of the exercise
MOLECULAR ADAPTATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DIFFERENT EXERCISE TYPES
Molecular adaptations in the exercise of strength
- pathway of mTORC1, growth factors and amino acids in the adaptations induced by strength exercises
- myostatin
- satellite cells in muscle development and repair
Molecular adaptations in endurance exercise
- signals involved in cardiovascular responses
- regulation of muscle plasticity
- PGC-1α and signal transduction pathways in endurance exercises
- mtDNA
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND SPORTS NUTRITION
Carbohydrates
- glucose uptake and glycogen reserves in response to the ingestion of carbohydrates
- use of glucose during exercise
- use of glucose in post-exercise and restoration of glycogen reserves
Lipids and lipid adaptation
- phases of lipid adaptation
- molecular changes induced by lipid adaptation
Amino acids and proteins
- regulation of protein turnover
- use of amino acids and protein synthesis
- leucine
- supplementation with proteins in strength sports
- supplementation with proteins in endurance sports
Bridging Courses
None
Learning Achievements (Dublin Descriptors)
The student will have to know the basic concepts relating to molecular biology and current knowledge of the genetic aspects and changes in gene expression induced by the various types of exercise and training.
The student must be able to re-elaborate what has been studied and deepen their knowledge in a critical way. In addition to texts and the teaching material, indications for finding other material for the study such as scientific articles and presentations in international conferences on the topics covered during the course will be provided.
The student will have to progressively acquire the ability to refine and deepen their knowledge by transforming the knowledge learned into innovative and original operational proposals.
The student will have to acquire autonomy of judgment, a strong critical sense, and maturity to allow him to read and present his knowledge using clear and complete language.
Teaching Material
The teaching material prepared by the lecturer in addition to recommended textbooks (such as for instance slides, lecture notes, exercises, bibliography) and communications from the lecturer specific to the course can be found inside the Moodle platform › blended.uniurb.it
Supporting Activities
none
Teaching, Attendance, Course Books and Assessment
- Teaching
Frontal lesson
- Innovative teaching methods
Discussion on specific topics will be proposed that can be carried out individually and in groups during the course. Students will have scientific publications, seminars and presentations at national and international conferences available on the University's Moodle platform. This material will be used to develop short presentations also through using the practice of the "flipped lesson" and "debate".
- Attendance
There is no obligation to attend lessons
- Course books
-Titolo: Fondamenti di biologia molecolare, Lizabeth A. Allison. Seconda edizione italiana condotta sulla terza edizione americana A cura di Daniela Taverna. Anno pubblicazione 2023
-Title: Molecular Exercise Physiology: an Introduction; Authors: Adam P Sharples, Henning Wackerhage, James P Morton, Henning Wackerhage; Secon Edition. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor and Francis 2022.
-Slides and other teaching material can be found on the moodle platform
- Assessment
An oral examination which will consist of a discussion aimed at verifying the adequacy of knowledge and skills on the topics covered during the course. A specific evaluation grid will be shared during the course.
- Disabilità e DSA
Le studentesse e gli studenti che hanno registrato la certificazione di disabilità o la certificazione di DSA presso l'Ufficio Inclusione e diritto allo studio, possono chiedere di utilizzare le mappe concettuali (per parole chiave) durante la prova di esame.
A tal fine, è necessario inviare le mappe, due settimane prima dell’appello di esame, alla o al docente del corso, che ne verificherà la coerenza con le indicazioni delle linee guida di ateneo e potrà chiederne la modifica.
Additional Information for Non-Attending Students
- Teaching
The program and teaching materials are the same for both attending and non attending students
- Attendance
There is no obligation to attend lessons
- Course books
-Title: Biologia molecolare del gene; Authors: Alexander Gann, James D. Watson, Tania A. Baker, Stephen P. Bell, Michael Levine, Richard Losick; Curatore: P. Plevani; Editore: Zanichelli; pubblication year: 2022
-Title: Molecular Exercise Physiology: an Introduction; Authors: Adam P Sharples, Henning Wackerhage, James P Morton, Henning Wackerhage; Secon Edition. New York, NY: Routledge, Taylor and Francis 2022.
-Slides and other teaching material can be found on the moodle platform
- Assessment
An oral examination which will consist of a discussion aimed at verifying the adequacy of knowledge and skills on the topics covered during the course. A specific evaluation grid will be shared during the course.
- Disabilità e DSA
Le studentesse e gli studenti che hanno registrato la certificazione di disabilità o la certificazione di DSA presso l'Ufficio Inclusione e diritto allo studio, possono chiedere di utilizzare le mappe concettuali (per parole chiave) durante la prova di esame.
A tal fine, è necessario inviare le mappe, due settimane prima dell’appello di esame, alla o al docente del corso, che ne verificherà la coerenza con le indicazioni delle linee guida di ateneo e potrà chiederne la modifica.
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